Learn how preterm labour can affect newborn health, causing challenges like respiratory issues, developmental delays, and more.
Dr Veena H
Preterm labour occurs when labour starts before the 37th week of pregnancy. It can have significant effects on a newborn's health, particularly in India, where the preterm birth rate is notably high. Parents must understand these risks and the care required to ensure the best possible outcomes for their premature babies.
A premature baby, also known as a preterm baby, is born before 37 weeks of gestation. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. According to the National Health Portal of India, around 3.5 million babies are born prematurely each year in India, making it the country with the highest number of preterm births globally.
Premature babies can be classified into three categories:
Such babies may have underdeveloped organs, requiring specialised medical care.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a combination of medical, lifestyle, and environmental factors can contribute to preterm births. Some common reasons include:
Premature babies face several health challenges that arise from their early birth. India has made significant strides in neonatal care, but some of these challenges remain. The Indian Journal of Paediatrics reports that about 20-30% of neonatal deaths in India are linked to preterm births.
Premature baby complications can vary depending on how early the baby is born and how underdeveloped their organs are. Some common complications include:
These premature baby complications often require specialised care and close monitoring in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).
Respiratory problems are a frequent complication in preterm infants due to their underdeveloped lungs. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is particularly common, occurring when the baby’s lungs lack enough surfactant, a substance needed to keep the airways open, making it hard for the baby to breathe.
Preterm babies may also experience apnoea, where they temporarily stop breathing. According to the Journal of Neonatology, approximately 30% of preterm infants in India require respiratory support shortly after birth. These babies often need specialised care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) to manage their breathing difficulties and ensure proper oxygen levels.
Premature babies often face feeding difficulties due to underdeveloped sucking and swallowing reflexes, making it harder for them to gain weight and receive essential nutrients. This can also lead to complications like poor growth and nutritional deficiencies.
One of the most serious conditions related to feeding is Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening intestinal disease. NEC causes inflammation and infection in the intestines, and in severe cases, parts of the intestines may die.
According to the Indian Journal of Paediatrics, the mortality rate of NEC in premature infants in India is estimated to be 10-30%. Breast milk and specialised formulas are essential for reducing the risk.
While many premature babies grow up healthy, some may face long-lasting health consequences due to their early birth. According to the Indian Academy of Paediatrics, preterm infants are at a higher risk of experiencing developmental delays, particularly in areas like motor skills, speech, and cognitive functions. These delays can impact learning and behaviour as the child grows.
In addition to developmental challenges, preterm babies are more prone to chronic health problems. For instance, they may develop chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, or encounter persistent breathing difficulties. They also have a higher likelihood of facing vision and hearing impairments, as well as neurological conditions like cerebral palsy.
Research from the Indian Journal of Paediatrics and studies published by the National Institute of Health suggests that premature babies are at an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and hypertension, later in life. These studies highlight how early-life complications in preterm infants can affect metabolic regulation, making them more susceptible to these conditions as they age.
Regular medical check-ups and early intervention programs are essential for addressing and reducing these long-term health consequences, helping to ensure the best possible outcomes for premature children as they grow into adulthood.
Preterm babies are at risk of developmental delays. According to data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India, 10-15% of premature babies may develop cognitive or physical disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, learning difficulties, and hearing or vision impairments. These delays can affect motor skills, communication, and overall growth. Early intervention programmes, including therapies for movement and speech, along with regular medical follow-ups, can help manage these issues.
Children born prematurely are at a greater risk of developing chronic health conditions as they grow. According to a study by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), preterm infants are more likely to experience chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, and metabolic disorders like diabetes and hypertension later in life.
Additionally, preterm birth is associated with a higher incidence of behavioural issues and cognitive challenges. These chronic health problems often persist into adulthood, requiring lifelong medical management. Early monitoring and timely interventions can help mitigate the impact of these conditions and improve long-term outcomes for premature children.
Premature babies require specialised monitoring and care immediately after birth due to their vulnerability. Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) play a crucial role in providing this care, offering support for breathing, temperature regulation, and feeding. In India, neonatal care has advanced significantly, improving the survival rate of preterm infants.
However, gaps in care still exist, particularly in rural regions where access to NICUs and specialised medical services is limited. Regular health check-ups, monitoring of vital signs, and addressing complications like infections or respiratory issues are essential for preterm labour babies to thrive. Early interventions can lead to better long-term outcomes for these infants.
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) plays a vital role in the survival and care of preterm labour babies, providing specialised medical attention that addresses their unique needs. According to the National Neonatology Forum of India, over 40% of preterm babies born in major hospitals require NICU admission.
The nursing management of preterm babies in the NICU focuses on comprehensive care to support their development and ensure survival. This includes monitoring vital signs, providing respiratory and ventilation support, regulating body temperature, and ensuring proper nutrition. Nurses also play a key role in preventing infections and managing complications like underdeveloped organs.
The NICU’s specialised equipment helps track critical functions such as breathing, heart rate, and oxygen levels, enabling early detection of potential health issues. These efforts are crucial in improving survival rates and ensuring better long-term outcomes for premature infants.
Supporting a premature baby’s development is essential to ensure a healthy future. Parents should focus on:
Preterm labour poses significant challenges for both the baby and the family, with premature babies facing a range of health risks that can affect their immediate and long-term well-being. In India, where the rate of preterm births is high, understanding the complications and specialised care required is crucial.
Early intervention, ongoing medical follow-ups, and parental involvement, such as breastfeeding and kangaroo care, play a vital role in ensuring the best outcomes for these babies as they grow into healthy children. By addressing these challenges with specialised care and awareness, families can help their premature babies thrive.
FAQs
Preterm labour can be caused by several factors, such as infections, maternal health conditions (like diabetes or high blood pressure), and pregnancy complications. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), multiple pregnancies and a history of preterm births also increase the risk.
Premature baby feeding guidelines typically recommend breast milk as the best option, as it provides vital nutrients and antibodies to support the baby’s development. In cases where breastfeeding isn't possible, expressed breast milk or specialised preterm infant formulas may be used to ensure proper nutrition. Feeding may start with small amounts via a tube until the baby can suck and swallow effectively.
To help premature babies gain weight, healthcare providers may recommend frequent breastfeeding or the use of fortified milk. According to the National Neonatology Forum of India, high-calorie supplements may also be necessary in some cases.
A preterm infant’s respiratory rate typically ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute, but it may fluctuate depending on their health. Monitoring for issues like Patent Ductus Arteriosus is essential to ensure proper heart function.
Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe condition affecting the intestines, especially in preterm babies. Prompt treatment, such as antibiotics or surgery, may be required.
While many premature babies grow up healthy, some may face challenges such as developmental delays, respiratory issues, or learning disabilities. Studies from the Indian Journal of Paediatrics suggest that early interventions can significantly improve long-term outcomes.
