Learn how preterm labour can affect newborn health, causing challenges like respiratory issues, developmental delays, and more.
Dr Veena H
Preterm labour occurs when labour starts before the 37th week of pregnancy. It can have significant effects on a newborn's health, particularly in India, where the preterm birth rate is notably high.
Parents must be aware of these risks and care for premature babies to improve their health and development.
A premature baby, also known as a preterm baby, is born before 37 weeks of gestation. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Research indicates around 18% of babies are born prematurely each year in India.
Premature babies can be classified into three categories:
Such babies may have underdeveloped organs, requiring specialised medical care.
Research suggests a combination of medical, lifestyle, and environmental factors can contribute to preterm births. Some common reasons include:
Premature babies face several health challenges that arise from their early birth. India has made significant strides in neonatal care, but some of these challenges remain.
Premature baby complications can vary depending on how early the baby is born and how underdeveloped their organs are. Some common complications include:
These premature baby complications are managed with close monitoring in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).
Preterm babies often face breathing difficulties due to underdeveloped lungs. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is common, caused by a lack of surfactant, making breathing difficult. Apnoea (temporary pauses in breathing) is another concern.
Most preterm infants need respiratory support and specialised care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) to maintain proper oxygen levels.
Premature babies often struggle with feeding due to weak sucking and swallowing reflexes, affecting weight gain and nutrient intake. This can lead to poor growth and nutritional deficiencies.
A serious complication is Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC)—a life-threatening intestinal disease-causing inflammation and, in severe cases, tissue death. Breast milk and specialised formulas play a crucial role in reducing this risk.
While many premature babies grow up healthy, some may face long-lasting health consequences due to their early birth. According to the Indian Academy of Paediatrics, preterm infants are at a higher risk of While many premature babies grow healthy, some may face lasting health challenges. According to the Indian Academy of Paediatrics, preterm infants are at higher risk of developmental delays affecting motor skills, speech, and cognitive functions, which can impact learning and behaviour.
Preterm babies are also more prone to chronic health conditions, including asthma, persistent breathing difficulties, vision and hearing impairments, and neurological disorders like cerebral palsy.
Additionally, they have a higher risk of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and hypertension later in life due to early-life complications affecting metabolic regulation.
Regular medical check-ups and early intervention play crucial roles in minimising these risks and supporting healthier development into adulthood.
Preterm babies face a higher risk of developmental delays. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, premature infants may develop cognitive or physical disabilities, such as cerebral palsy, learning difficulties, and vision or hearing impairments.
These delays can impact motor skills, communication, and overall growth.
Early intervention programmes—including speech and movement therapies—and regular medical follow-ups are crucial in managing these challenges.
Preterm birth is associated with a higher incidence of behavioural issues and cognitive challenges. These chronic health problems often persist into adulthood, requiring lifelong medical management. Early monitoring and timely interventions can help mitigate the impact of these conditions and improve long-term outcomes for premature children.
Premature babies require specialised monitoring and care immediately after birth due to their vulnerability. In India, neonatal care has advanced significantly, improving the survival rate of preterm infants.
However, gaps in care still exist, particularly in rural regions where access to NICUs and specialised medical services is limited. Regular health check-ups, monitoring of vital signs, and addressing complications like infections or respiratory issues are essential for preterm labour babies to thrive.
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is essential for the survival and care of premature babies, providing specialised medical support tailored to their needs.
NICU nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, providing respiratory support, regulating body temperature, ensuring proper nutrition, preventing infections and managing complications.
Advanced NICU equipment tracks breathing, heart rate, and oxygen levels, detecting health issues early. These efforts significantly improve survival rates and long-term health outcomes for premature infants.
Supporting a premature baby’s development is essential to ensure a healthy future. Parents should focus on:
Preterm labour poses significant challenges for both the baby and the family, with premature babies facing a range of health risks that can affect their immediate and long-term well-being. In India, where the rate of preterm births is high, understanding the complications and specialised care required is crucial.
Early intervention, ongoing medical follow-ups, and parental involvement, such as breastfeeding and kangaroo care, ensure the best outcomes for these babies as they grow into healthy children. By addressing these challenges with specialised care and awareness, families can help their premature babies thrive.
FAQs
Preterm labour can be caused by several factors, such as infections, maternal health conditions (like diabetes or high blood pressure), and pregnancy complications. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), multiple pregnancies and a history of preterm births also increase the risk.
Premature baby feeding guidelines typically recommend breast milk as the best option, as it provides vital nutrients and antibodies to support the baby’s development. In cases where breastfeeding isn't possible,breast milk or specialised preterm infant formulas may be used to ensure proper nutrition. Feeding may start with small amounts via a tube until the baby can suck and swallow effectively.
To help premature babies gain weight, healthcare providers may recommend frequent breastfeeding or fortified milk. According to the National Neonatology Forum of India, high-calorie supplements may also be necessary in some cases.
A preterm infant's respiratory rate typically ranges from 40 to 60 breaths per minute, while their heart rate is usually 120 to 160 beats per minute. Continuous monitoring is crucial to detect conditions like Patent Ductus Arteriosus, ensuring proper heart function.
Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe condition affecting the intestines, especially in preterm babies. Prompt treatment, such as antibiotics or surgery, may be required.
While many premature babies grow up healthy, some may face challenges such as developmental delays, respiratory issues, or learning disabilities. Studies from the Indian Journal of Paediatrics suggest that early interventions can significantly improve long-term outcomes.
