Zika Virus: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention & Complication

Zika virus was first discovered in Uganda in 1947 but quietly existed until 2015 when a sudden outbreak in Brazil thrust it into the limelight. Initially identified in monkeys, evidence of human infection emerged in African countries during the 1950s. After that, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Zika-related microcephaly a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016, confirming its link to congenital malformations. 

Zika Virus' Global Update

Although global cases of Zika virus disease declined post-2017, pockets of transmission were still reported, especially in America and other endemic regions. India, in particular, has faced clusters of Zika virus cases in the past affecting Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh, emphasizing the need for vigilance and comprehensive public health strategies.

Notably, on July 8, 2021, Kerala, India, reported its first Zika virus case, marking a concerning development. The virus was detected in a 24-year-old pregnant woman, underlining the potential risks to maternal and fetal health.

Lately, in November 2023, cases of Zika virus have been reported in three Indian states—Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu. The affected regions highlight the need for heightened surveillance and rapid response to curb the spread of the virus.

Transmission of Zika Virus Infection 
 

Zika virus can be transmitted:  

1. Through Mosquito Bites

Zika virus is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus which bite mostly during the day. These are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue and chikungunya viruses.

2. From Mother to Child

A pregnant woman can pass this virus to her fetus during pregnancy. Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly (smaller than normal head) and other severe fetal brain disorders. An infected pregnant woman can pass the virus to her foetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. 
Zika virus has also been found in breast milk. Few Zika virus infections have been identified in breastfed babies, but virus transmission through breast milk has not been confirmed.

3. Through Unprotected Sex

Zika virus can be passed through sex, even if the infected individual does not have symptoms at the time.

4. Blood Transfusion 

Zika virus can also be spread through blood transfusion. Furthermore, one can also get exposed to the virus while getting a test done or in a healthcare setting, however, the possibility is rare.

Symptoms of Zika Virus Infection 
 

While Zika infection is usually mild and asymptomatic, it poses significant risks, especially to pregnant women. Among those who possess symptoms, the symptoms typically start 3–14 days after getting the infection and last for a few days(2–7 days) to a week. Common symptoms of Zika infection include:

• Fever: Typically ranging from 99.5° F to 100.4° F)
• Rash: Starts on the face on the first day of illness & later spreads to the trunk and limbs)
• Joint Pain: Pain & swelling in several joints of the body
• Conjunctivitis/Pink eye: Redness, itching, & pain in the eyes

Tests for Zika Virus Infection

A doctor will ask about any recent travel history and any signs and symptoms. This can be followed by a blood and urine test. Testing includes:

• Molecular Test Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT): Looks for the presence of the Zika virus in the body 
• Serological Testing: Looks for antibodies (Zika virus immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody) your body makes to fight viral infection.
• Zika Virus Immunoglobulin (Ig) M Antibody Test: Recommended in some cases

Treatment for Zika Virus Infection 
 

There is no specific treatment, medicine or vaccine for Zika virus. However, the treatment may include:

• Symptomatic Treatment: Take antipyretics to relieve fever. Painkillers or muscle relaxants can be taken to relieve muscle or joint pain. Avoid taking aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce the risk of bleeding. If the person is taking medicine for another medical condition, consult a doctor before taking any medications.
• Adequate Rest: The disease may cause fatigue, hence, it is advised to get apt rest to regain strength.
• Drink Plenty of Water: Fever and sweating can contribute to dehydration, therefore, it is advised to drink at least 6-8 glasses of water. 

How to Prevent Zika Virus Infection 
 

Some of the preventive measures that play a crucial role in managing Zika's impact include:

• Mosquito Control: Eliminate mosquito breeding grounds by emptying water containers. Use mosquito repellents with DEET and sleep under mosquito nets.
• Safe Sexual Practices: Use a barrier such as condoms to ensure safe sex. 
• Pregnancy Planning: Consider delaying pregnancy if you or your partner have recently been exposed to the Zika virus. Wait until it is safe to conceive to reduce the risk of transmission to the fetus.
• Healthcare Monitoring During Pregnancy: If someone gets pregnant and has a history of Zika virus exposure, inform your healthcare provider immediately. Regular prenatal check-ups are essential to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Complications of Zika Virus Infection

Some of the common complications associated with Zika virus infection include:

• Microcephaly: In this condition, the babies are born with abnormally small heads and underdeveloped brains.
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS): It is a rare, autoimmune disorder in which the person’s immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. Severe cases of GBS are rare but can result in near-total paralysis and respiratory problems.

Conclusion

Zika virus remains a global health concern, demanding continuous awareness, preventive measures, and collaborative efforts. Vigilance, research, and a commitment to global health are essential. If you experience any of the aforementioned symptoms, consult a healthcare professional immediately or book a test. 

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