What Are The Symptoms Of Dengue?

Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by the bite of an infected mosquito. It is a widespread disease in tropical and subtropical regions, including India. Dengue fever is a major public health concern in many parts of the country, especially during the monsoon season when mosquito breeding is at its peak. Being aware of the common symptoms of dengue is crucial as early detection can help in timely treatment and prevent complications. Let us know more about dengue in this blog.

Dengue Fever: Transmission & Types

Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes. Notably, Dengue fever cannot be spread directly from person to person, it requires the bite of an infected mosquito.

There are four serotypes (closely related variants) of the dengue virus: DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Each serotype can cause dengue fever, with DEN-2 being the most common in India. However, all four serotypes have been reported in different parts of the country.

Individuals can be infected with more than one serotype, which can increase the severity of the illness.

Symptoms of Dengue

The initial symptoms of dengue include:

• Sudden onset of high fever: Dengue often starts with a sudden, high-grade fever. The fever may last for around 2-7 days.
• Severe headache and eye pain: Headaches, particularly behind the eyes, are a frequent complaint in dengue cases. Eye pain, especially when moving the eyes, is also common.
• Joint and muscle pain: Dengue fever is often accompanied by severe joint and muscle pain. This pain is often described as aching or cramping and can be quite debilitating.
• Fatigue and weakness: Dengue can cause extreme fatigue and weakness, leading to a feeling of exhaustion even with minimal physical activity.

In addition to the classic symptoms of dengue, several other symptoms that can be experienced include:

• Many dengue patients experience such gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
• Dengue can cause a rash on the skin, which may be accompanied by itching. The rash typically appears a few days after the onset of fever and can spread throughout the body.
• Some dengue patients may experience mild bleeding from the nose or gums.
• Enlarged lymph nodes: Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes can also be observed in dengue patients.

Warning Signs for Severe Dengue

It is also crucial to be aware of the warning signs for severe cases. Recognizing these symptoms can help ensure prompt medical intervention and prevent complications. Here are some key warning signs you should look out for:

• Persistent vomiting and severe abdominal pain
• Bleeding gums or blood in vomit/stool
• Difficulty breathing or chest pain
• Restlessness or irritability

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

In some cases, the infection can progress to severe dengue or Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), which is characterized by more severe symptoms and life-threatening complications.

As the infection progresses, patients with severe dengue may experience:

• Persistent vomiting
• Bleeding from the nose or gums
• Abdominal pain

They may also develop respiratory distress, organ damage, and a significant drop in platelet count, leading to haemorrhage.

Hence, early medical intervention is essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of mortality. Medical management for severe dengue includes:

• Close monitoring of vital signs
• Intravenous fluid therapy to maintain hydration,
• Transfusion of blood products when necessary
• Intensive care support, including mechanical ventilation or organ support, if required

Diagnosis of Dengue

There are various laboratory tests available for the diagnosis of dengue, each serving a different purpose. These tests include:

• Antigen detection tests: The most commonly used antigen detection test is the Dengue NS1 antigen test, which can detect the virus within the first few days of infection.
• Antibody tests: Dengue antibody tests determine the presence of dengue-specific antibodies in the blood. IgM antibodies appear 3-5 days after infection and persist for about 2-3 months, while IgG antibodies develop later and remain present for a longer duration.
• Molecular tests: Molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are used to directly detect viral genetic material in the blood. PCR is highly sensitive and can detect even low levels of the virus.

Treatment of Dengue

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment available for dengue, so medical care mainly revolves around supportive measures including measures such as bed rest, pain relievers (like acetaminophen), and adequate hydration.

As dengue can cause severe dehydration due to persistent vomiting or diarrhoea, ensuring proper fluid intake is crucial. Oral rehydration solutions are commonly used, but in more severe cases, intravenous fluid therapy may be required.

Regular monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature, is also essential to assess the patient's condition and detect any potential complications early on.

Prevention of Dengue

While there is no specific treatment for dengue, prevention and control measures play a crucial role in reducing its spread. Here are some key strategies to prevent and control dengue:

• Eliminating mosquito breeding sites: Remove stagnant water sources such as flower pots, discarded tires, and containers that can collect water. Regularly clean and scrub water storage containers to prevent mosquito breeding.
• Using insect repellents: Apply mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin.
• Wearing protective clothing: Wear long sleeves, pants, and socks to minimize exposed skin. Choose light-coloured clothing, as mosquitoes are attracted to dark colours.
• Using mosquito nets: Sleep under mosquito nets to create a physical barrier between you and the mosquitoes.

Recovery and Post-Dengue Care

After encountering dengue, it is important to take proper care of yourself during the recovery phase. The following guidelines will help you in the journey towards a speedy and healthy recovery.

Adequate Rest and Hydration

• Rest is crucial to allow your body to heal. It is recommended to have plenty of sleep and avoid strenuous activities during this period.
• One can also aim to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water per day and include other hydrating options like coconut water, herbal teas, and fresh fruit juices.

Balanced Diet and Nutritional Support

• A well-balanced diet plays a significant role in boosting your immune system and aiding recovery.
• Include foods rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants such as fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and nuts and immune-boosting foods like citrus fruits, garlic, ginger, and turmeric to your diet.

Gradual Return to Normal Activities

While it's important to rest, gradually resuming your normal activities can help strengthen your body. Start with light exercises like walking or stretching and gradually increase the intensity over time.

Conclusion

If you experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, skin rash along with fever, it is vital to seek medical attention promptly. By staying informed about the symptoms and seeking timely medical care, you can minimize the impact of dengue on your health. Preventive measures such as eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using mosquito repellents can also help reduce the risk of infection.

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FAQs

Q. Can dengue be transmitted through sexual contact?

No, dengue is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. There is no evidence to suggest that it can be spread through sexual contact.

Q. Can dengue be transmitted from a pregnant mother to her baby?

Yes, there have been reported cases of vertical transmission, where the virus is passed from a pregnant mother to her baby. However, it is rare.

Q. Can dengue lead to long-term complications?

While most cases of dengue resolve on their own with proper care and treatment, severe cases can lead to complications such as organ damage or bleeding disorders. These complications may require close medical attention and monitoring.

Q. Can dengue affect animals?

Yes, certain animals can also be infected with dengue virus, but they do not play a significant role in the transmission cycle.

Q. Can dengue occur multiple times?

Yes, it is possible to get infected with dengue more than once. However, subsequent infections can be more severe and increase the risk of developing severe dengue.

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Sonia